On 2 January 2026, Indonesia entered a new phase of criminal law enforcement, as the new Criminal Code (KUHP) and the new Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) came into effect. However, with some implementing regulations for the new KUHAP still outstanding, questions remain about how certain procedural rules should be applied in practice. To provide further guidance, the Supreme Court issued three Supreme Court Circular Letters (Surat Edaran Mahkamah Agung or SEMA) in August 2026.